A realistic evaluation of the dark side of data in the digital ecosystem

This article examines the negative consequences that can arise from the utilisation of innovative data practices implemented by organisations. While these technologies offer significant value, their improper implementation can lead to harmful practices that undermine the rights of individuals within societies. Through a systematic literature review of 383 articles employing the realistic evaluation theory, this study synthesises key findings to identify the contextual factors that contribute to these harmful practices. The results highlight the challenges posed by the characteristics of Big Data, often resulting in haphazard data implementation scenarios. Three critical mechanisms, namely data transparency, biases, and breaches, interact with these implementation contexts, leading to adverse outcomes that compromise individual empowerment, societal fairness, and personal privacy. In addition, this article identifies important areas for future research and provides recommendations for policymakers to effectively manage the negative aspects of data practices, ensuring sustainability within the digital ecosystem.