Late Miocene paleoecology and paleoclimate in the central High Plains of North America reconstructed from paleopedological, ichnological, and stable isotope analyses of the Ogallala Formation in western Kansas, USA

The late Miocene was a critical time in the development of the North American Great Plains marked by paleoclimate-driven biotic change, including faunal turnovers and the spread of C₄ dominated grasslands. The large volume of sediment shed from the Rocky Mountain region during this time preserves a record of these transitions, which can be informed by previously undescribed paleosol and trace fossil properties from the Ogallala Formation of the central High Plains. The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct paleoenvironments, paleoclimate, and paleoecology from outcrops of the Ogallala Formation in western Kansas by integrating paleopedology, ichnology, and stable isotope geochemistry. Eleven lithofacies are recognized in the study area, mostly massive to crudely stratified, fine-to coarse-grained sandstone and pebbly gravel with stratigraphically uncommon fine-grained lithofacies restricted to thinly bedded intervals or lens-shaped geometries within the sand-dominated strata. These host five pedotypes: 1) calcic Vertisols developed on overbank fines, 2) Entisols developed on braid bar gravels, 3) Entisols developed on volcaniclastic sediment lenses, 4) calcic Inceptisols developed on coarse sandy channel fills, and 5) calcareous Mollisols developed on fine sandy bedforms and channel fills. We recognize ten ichnogenera within paleosols, including burrows attributed to ants, bees, beetles or hemipterans, vinegarroon-like arthropods, fossorial reptiles, seed caching mammals, and large carnivorous mammals. Organic carbon stable isotopes indicate that the flora consisted entirely of C₃ plants, and paleosols and trace-fossil evidence suggest a tree-limited savanna environment with patches of unvegetated soil. Paleoclimate proxies from paleosol and trace fossil properties indicate mean annual air temperatures between 8 °C and 20 °C with seasonal differences of up to 14 °C between mean monthly temperatures of the warmest and coolest months. Mean annual precipitation was likely between 250 mm and 460 mm with a seasonal difference of up to 250 mm between mean monthly precipitation of the driest and wettest months. While hymenopteran tracemakers were active, soil surface temperatures reached at least 30 °C and moisture content was between 10% and 20%. With timing of deposition constrained biostratigraphically to the Barstovian through Hemphillian, our paleoclimate interpretations are most consistent with the period of relative climate stability after Middle Miocene Climate Transition cooling and before Late Miocene Cooling (∼13.8 Ma–7 Ma). The trace-fossil assemblage reveals previously unknown biodiversity among soil arthropods, as well as important trophic connections between the belowground and aboveground components of the terrestrial food web.