Playdough-like carbon electrode: A promising strategy for high efficiency perovskite solar cells and modules

Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) are promising candidates for large-scale photovoltaic applications due to their theoretical low cost and high stability. However, the fabrication of high-performance C-PSCs with large-area electrodes remains challenging. In this work, we propose a novel playdough-like graphite putty as top electrode in the perovskite devices. This electrode with soft nature can form good contact with the hole-transporting layer and the conductive substrate at room temperature by a simple pressing technique, which facilitates the fabrication of both small-area devices and perovskite solar modules. In this preliminary research, the corresponding small devices and modules can achieve efficiencies of 20.29% (∼0.15 ​cm²) and 16.01% (∼10 ​cm²), respectively. Moreover, we analyze the limitations of the optical and electrical properties of this playdough-like graphite electrode on the device performance, suggesting a direction for further improvement of C-PSCs in the future.