Capital market liability of foreignness and country-of-origin stereotype: An empirical investigation

Foreign firms face a liability of foreignness (LOF) in capital markets outside their home countries. Focusing on discrimination hazards as an antecedent to capital market liability of foreignness (CMLOF), we extend the concept of country-of-origin stereotypes to capture discrimination hazards in capital markets. We employ data from foreign firms listed on the three major stock exchanges in the United States from 2002 to 2016 to demonstrate that, compared with domestic US firms, foreign firms are discounted on major stock exchanges in the US and that foreign firms from countries stereotyped as high-warmth and high-competence are not discounted. Our results reveal that discrimination hazards do impact CMLOFs, suggesting that firms venturing into foreign capital markets should invest in perceptions of warmth to mitigate CMLOFs.