Study of Zn(II) ion removal from galvanic sludge by geopolymers

sludge (Makisha and Yunchina 2017, Rossini and Bernardes 2006, Sanito et al. 2022). The main treatment and disposal methods include pyrometallurgical (Yang et al. 2022, Kwon and Sohn 2020, Barakat 2003), hydrometallurgical, and bio-hydrometallurgical processes (Dvořák and Jandova 2005, Jha et al. 2001, Rudnik 2019). The stabilization of toxic metals in post-galvanic wastes takes place using various techniques, one of which is solidification, i.e., immobilization in a solid matrix by means of lime hydrate or cement (bituminating in solidified melt (Bednarik et al. 2005), cementation (Luz et al. 2009, Stepanov et al. 2016, ), vitrification (Irisawa et al. 2021, Krstiš et al. 2018, Sanito et al. 2022)). Combined methods also deserve attention because they allow the problem of galvanic sludge to be solved and the search for an optimal process for recovering elements from this sludge with the highest possible purity (Krishnan et al. 2021).