The potential of Lamiaceae essential oils against respiratory tract diseases – a mini-review

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common infections in the global population, particularly among children. Due to the rise of antibiotic resistance, multidrug-resistant bacteria, and the numerous adverse effects of synthetic drugs, there is a constant demand for new and safe alternative treatments. Natural plant-based alternatives have become more popular, while chemical drugs have been questioned for their safety and side effects. One of the most promising solutions to the global issue of respiratory tract infections is the exploration of the antiviral and antibacterial properties of essential oils (EOs). Because of their volatility, EOs can be inhaled, allowing them to reach both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Additionally, their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties along with their phytochemical composition make them more effective for treating respiratory tract infections. Humans are less likely to be affected by EOs because of their low toxicity and less risk of resistance to pathogenic organisms. Lamiaceae (also called Labiatae) is one of the most important herbal families, and it incorporates a wide range of plants like thyme, holy basil, rosemary, basil, etc. with potential therapeutic properties. The pharmacological properties of Lamiaceae are mainly due to its EOs, which have various activities like anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, insecticidal, neuroprotective, anti-asthmatic, and others. Overall, the main objective of this review is to provide an overview of the general characteristics of certain EOs from the Lamiaceae family about their ability to alleviate the signs and symptoms of respiratory diseases, including respiratory tract infections.