REVIEW OF INNOVATIVE SUPPLY CHAIN MODELS IN THE U.S. PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: IMPLICATIONS AND ADAPTABILITY FOR AFRICAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS

This comprehensive review explores innovative supply chain models within the U.S. pharmaceutical industry and examines their implications and adaptability for healthcare systems in Africa. The U.S. pharmaceutical sector is characterized by intricate logistics, stringent regulatory frameworks, and a dynamic market landscape. Through a detailed examination of pioneering supply chain models, this review aims to identify best practices, challenges, and opportunities that may inform strategies for enhancing pharmaceutical supply chains in African healthcare systems. Key considerations include the integration of advanced technologies, regulatory compliance, and collaborative partnerships within the pharmaceutical supply chain. The implications of these innovative models for African healthcare systems are assessed in the context of the unique challenges faced by the continent, such as limited infrastructure, diverse regulatory environments, and varying socio-economic conditions. The review underscores the potential for knowledge transfer and adaptation of successful U.S. supply chain models to bolster the efficiency, accessibility, and affordability of pharmaceuticals in Africa. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of tailoring strategies to the specific needs of each region, considering factors such as local infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, and the socio-economic landscape. By synthesizing insights from the U.S. pharmaceutical industry and evaluating their applicability to African healthcare systems, this review contributes to the ongoing discourse on strengthening global health supply chains. It provides a foundation for policymakers, healthcare professionals, and industry stakeholders to develop contextually relevant strategies that enhance pharmaceutical accessibility, affordability, and overall healthcare outcomes across the African continent. Keywords:  Supply Chain, Pharmaceutical, Healthcare, USA, Innovation.