Sheet-coating mitigation for membrane penetration in undrained triaxial tests and evaluation of comprehensive liquefaction resistance of crushed gravel

In undrained cyclic triaxial tests on crushed gravel, it is difficult to maintain undrained conditions because of the penetration of the rubber membrane (MP: membrane penetration) into the rough surface of the test specimens. A method has been developed in the present research to physically mitigate the MP-effect wherein the rough surface of each specimen is coated and smoothed by a prefabricated fines-soil sheet. This mitigation measure has been found very effective in minimizing the C_R (compliance ratio for an undrained system) to achieve more strict undrained conditions. It has been further clarified that this method prevents not only the overestimation of the strength of loose specimens, as has already been recognized, but also the underestimation of the strength of dense specimens with highly positive dilatancy. The undrained cyclic strength of dense crushed gravel, comprised of various grain sizes and gradations, has been summarized in a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests by employing the MP-mitigation method to find that, in place of the relative density governing the liquefaction resistance of loose soils, the void ratio or absolute density is a key parameter for uniquely estimating the strength with a simple empirical formula.