Effect of different forms of capital on the adoption of multiple climate-smart agriculture strategies by smallholder farmers in Assam, India

Agricultural production is affected by the threats of climate change, such as changes in the frequency of extreme events (such as flood and drought), changes in rainfall patterns, and increased pest attacks and diseases. As a result, the farmers face huge socio-economic losses in the form of loss of lives, loss of cultivable lands, loss in crop yield, and loss to infrastructure. The smallholder farmers who primarily depend on rainfed agriculture for a living bear major crop losses and threats to food security due to climate change. In order to enable the farmers to cope with the challenges associated with climate change, climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices were introduced. It must be noted that CSA practices depend on economic, environmental, and social attributes; hence, location-specific studies are required to identify the determinants of CSA adoption. The present study aims to identify the factors influencing smallholder farmers’ adoption of CSA strategies in the highly vulnerable Nagaon district of India. Our study has incorporated six forms of capital: physical capital, social capital, human capital, financial capital, natural capital, and institutional capital in its analytical framework. The influence of these capitals is examined on the farmers’ adoption decision. We use a mixed-method approach to conduct the analysis. A multivariate probit model is used for the quantitative analysis, and excerpts from focus group discussions are presented as qualitative information gathered from field surveys. Three unique variables are included in the present study: the use of agricultural applications by smallholder farmers, the application of indigenous technical knowledge, and access to government-provided seeds. Each of the three variables was found to be statistically significant. Further, the study found the variables under social capital, physical capital, and institutional capital to be critical determinants affecting CSA adoption by smallholder farmers.