果蝇和哺乳动物研究提出的本体感觉调节机制

I. Hunter
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摘要

运动感觉为动物身体和四肢在空间中的位置提供了重要的感觉反馈。它与负责有节奏运动的中枢模式发生器相互作用,使运动适应环境对动物的要求。人们对实现这种反馈的机制知之甚少,这也掩盖了它的重要性:本体感觉失调与运动障碍有关,改善本体感觉有助于减轻症状的严重程度。同样,本体感觉对于指导机器人准确运动以及了解感觉系统如何捕捉和处理信息以指导动作选择也非常重要。因此,在解读本体感觉机制的研究时,必须要问:本体感觉传感器捕捉的是哪类信息,它们又是如何捕捉这些信息的?哺乳动物模型的研究在回答这一问题方面取得了重要进展。果蝇的研究也是如此。果蝇的本体感受器比哺乳动物的本体感受器更容易获得,而且可以使用独特的基因工具包进行操作,因此在无脊椎动物中进行的实验可以为全面理解这一问题做出重要贡献。然而,要将不同模型中进行的工作联系起来,从而得出有关本体感觉的一般性结论可能会很困难。因此,这篇综述探讨了果蝇研究对本体感受器功能的启示,以突出其转化为哺乳动物的潜力。具体来说,本文提出的证据表明,机械电换能器的不同表达有助于调谐果蝇的本体感受器,并提出同样的机制可能在调谐哺乳动物的本体感受器中发挥作用。
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A mechanism for tuning proprioception proposed by research in Drosophila and mammals
Proprioception provides important sensory feedback regarding the position of an animal’s body and limbs in space. This interacts with a central pattern generator responsible for rhythmic movement, to adapt locomotion to the demands that an animal’s environment places on it. The mechanisms by which this feedback is enabled are poorly understood, which belies its importance: dysfunctional proprioception is associated with movement disorder and improving it can help reduce the severity of symptoms. Similarly, proprioception is important for guiding accurate robotic movement and for understanding how sensory systems capture and process information to guide action selection. It is therefore important to interpret research that investigates mechanisms of proprioception, to ask: what type of information do proprioceptive sensors capture, and how do they capture it? Work in mammalian models has made important progress towards answering this question. So too, has research conducted Drosophila. Fruit fly proprioceptors are more accessible than mammalian equivalents and can be manipulated using a unique genetic toolkit, so experiments conducted in the invertebrate can make a significant contribution to overall understanding. It can be difficult, however, to relate work conducted in different models, to draw general conclusions about proprioception. This review, therefore, explores what research in the fruit fly has revealed about proprioceptor function, to highlight its potential translation to mammals. Specifically, the present text presents evidence that differential expression of mechanoelectrical transducers contributes to tuning of fly proprioceptors and suggests that the same mechanism may play a role in tuning mammalian proprioceptors.
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