Diagnosis and Treatment of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus and Repeated Subdural Hematoma and Effusion after Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt in the Elderly: A Case Report

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a special type of hydrocephalus that is characterized by cognitive decline, gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence. It can lead to dementia and bedridden within 1-3 years. Without surgical treatment in time, the prognosis was bleak. We report an iNPH case misdiagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, with a disease course of 3 years. The main manifestations of the patient were walking impairment, memory loss, urinary incontinence, repeated falls, and hallucinations, bedridden in the late stage, with a modified Rankin Scale (mRS):5. After undergoing the ventriculoperitoneal shunt, due to the low shunt pressure, the patient developed severe headache, repeated and severe subdural hemorrhage and effusion. After adjusting the shunt pressure in time, the patient recovered well with an mRS: 3, which was inconsistent with the previous belief that the operation was ineffective for patients with a disease course of more than 3 years. This case suggests that elderly patients with iNPH can still benefit from timely surgery even if the disease course of more than 3 years. Special attention should be paid after the operation, and the CSF shunt pressure should avoid setting too low, which may induce serious complications such as subdural hemorrhage or effusion.