The population genetics of Strongyloides papillosus in Pakistani goats revealed by whole genome sequencing

Strongyloides nematodes are parasites of livestock, and S. papillosus infects ruminant livestock that can cause disease. Recent genomic analysis of several Strongyloides species is now facilitating the population genomic analyses of natural Strongyloides infections, for example finding that S. ratti in wild UK rats exists as an assemblage of long-lived, asexual lineages. Here we have investigated the population genomics of S. papillosus in goats in Pakistan. We find that S. papillosus is common, with a prevalence of 28 %; that the population is genetically diverse and that individual goats commonly have mixed-genotype infections; and that there is evidence of only limited admixture. These results now provoke further questions about the host range of different S. papillosus genotypes that can in the future be investigated by further population genomic analyses.