Between-session homework in clinical training and practice: A transtheoretical perspective

Background This paper defines and illustrates the ways in which Between-Session Homework (BSH) may be integrated into clinical work with clients across various treatment approaches. In line with the focus of this special issue, we explore how clinical training and supervision can enhance therapist skills and competence in the use of BSH. Method After providing a brief historical overview and an integrative perspective on BSH, along with a review of empirical research supporting its efficacy, we delve into the discussion of BSH as a transtheoretical clinical method with heuristic value across different treatment approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic-experiential therapies. Results There exists diversity in how BSH is incorporated into distinct treatment approaches. Furthermore, we emphasize the significance of therapist skills and competence in utilizing BSH to facilitate client engagement and achieve positive treatment outcomes. Finally, we address how clinical training and supervision contribute to the development of these essential skills and competence. Conclusions Our findings highlight three main points: (1) substantial empirical support for the integration of BSH within cognitive-behavioral therapies, (2) the potential of BSH as a promising transtheoretical clinical method, even though research beyond cognitive-behavioral therapies remains limited, and (3) the imperative need for further research into how clinical training and supervision can effectively enhance therapist skills and competence in implementing BSH.