评估多模式任务负荷估算模型的稳健性

IF 2.4 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Frontiers in Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI:10.3389/fcomp.2024.1371181
Andreas Foltyn, J. Deuschel, Nadine R. Lang-Richter, Nina Holzer, Maximilian P. Oppelt
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引用次数: 0

摘要

许多研究都专注于构建多模态机器学习模型,用于估算人的认知负荷。然而,一个普遍存在的局限性是,这些模型通常是根据它们所训练的同一场景中的数据进行评估的。人们很少关注这些模型对数据分布变化的稳健性,而数据分布变化可能会在部署过程中发生。本文旨在研究这些模型在面对不同于训练场景时的性能。为了进行评估,我们使用了一个包含两种不同场景的数据集:N-Back 测试和驾驶模拟。我们选择了各种经典的机器学习和深度学习架构,并辅以各种融合技术。这些模型在 n-Back 任务的数据上进行了训练,并在两个场景中进行了测试,以评估其预测性能。然而,仅凭预测性能可能无法建立一个值得信赖的模型。因此,我们研究了这些模型的不确定性估计值。通过利用这些估计值,我们可以在不确定性较高的情况下采用替代措施来减少误分类。研究结果表明,与基于特征的融合方法相比,后期融合在两种情况下对所研究的模型都能产生稳定的分类结果,增强了稳健性。虽然简单的逻辑回归往往能提供 n-Back 的最佳预测性能,但如果数据分布发生偏移,情况就不一定如此了。最后,在两种情况下,单个模态的预测性能差异很大。这项研究深入探讨了多模态机器学习模型在处理分布偏移方面的能力和局限性,并确定了哪些方法可能适合实现稳健的结果。
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Evaluating the robustness of multimodal task load estimation models
Numerous studies have focused on constructing multimodal machine learning models for estimating a person's cognitive load. However, a prevalent limitation is that these models are typically evaluated on data from the same scenario they were trained on. Little attention has been given to their robustness against data distribution shifts, which may occur during deployment. The aim of this paper is to investigate the performance of these models when confronted with a scenario different from the one on which they were trained. For this evaluation, we utilized a dataset encompassing two distinct scenarios: an n-Back test and a driving simulation. We selected a variety of classic machine learning and deep learning architectures, which were further complemented by various fusion techniques. The models were trained on the data from the n-Back task and tested on both scenarios to evaluate their predictive performance. However, the predictive performance alone may not lead to a trustworthy model. Therefore, we looked at the uncertainty estimates of these models. By leveraging these estimates, we can reduce misclassification by resorting to alternative measures in situations of high uncertainty. The findings indicate that late fusion produces stable classification results across the examined models for both scenarios, enhancing robustness compared to feature-based fusion methods. Although a simple logistic regression tends to provide the best predictive performance for n-Back, this is not always the case if the data distribution is shifted. Finally, the predictive performance of individual modalities differs significantly between the two scenarios. This research provides insights into the capabilities and limitations of multimodal machine learning models in handling distribution shifts and identifies which approaches may potentially be suitable for achieving robust results.
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来源期刊
Frontiers in Computer Science
Frontiers in Computer Science COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS-
CiteScore
4.30
自引率
0.00%
发文量
152
审稿时长
13 weeks
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