气候与人类相互作用,形成了不丹东部奇松(Pinus roxburghii)森林的火灾机制

IF 3.6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Fire Ecology Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI:10.1186/s42408-024-00275-x
Karma Tenzin, Craig R. Nitschke, Kathryn J. Allen, Paul J. Krusic, Edward R. Cook, Thiet V. Nguyen, Patrick J. Baker
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引用次数: 0

摘要

奇松(Pinus roxburghii Sarg.)森林分布在不丹喜马拉雅山的干燥山谷中。过去,这些森林受到放牧、焚烧、采脂和采集非木材森林产品等人类活动的严重影响。不丹 1969 年颁布的《森林法》将森林管理从当地社区控制转为中央政府控制,极大地限制了这些活动。为了了解《森林法》对奇松林的影响,我们利用树环和火痕重建了不丹东部奇松林的火灾历史。这为我们提供了一个机会来描述 1969 年《森林法案》实施前后的火灾机制,并评估所发生变化的规模和程度。我们从单一森林景观中的九个地点绘制了 120 年的奇松火灾年表。1900 年至 1970 年期间,火灾规模小且零星。火灾发生时,仅限于较大研究区域内的一到两个地点。1970 年后,火灾活动发生了明显变化,1985、1989、1996、2000 和 2013 年的火灾烧毁了超过 90% 的样地。火灾活动与前一年的拉尼娜现象(更潮湿、更凉爽)呈正相关。这可能是由于在较潮湿的年份,森林底层燃料的积累和连通性增加所致。1970 年以前,在不丹东部所研究的奇松地貌中,火势以零星、低强度的火灾为主,这表明火势受燃料限制。1970 年后,火灾规模更大,频率更高。这一转变与 1969 年颁布的《不丹森林法》有关,该法对放牧进行了管制,并在政府保护的森林中实施了严格的禁火政策。这可能导致了燃料的大量积累,尤其是在拉尼娜现象发生后。在《森林法案》颁布之前,放牧和低强度火灾的历史模式使燃料负荷保持在较低水平,且互不相连。1969 年后,这些森林中的大部分人类活动都停止了,这导致地貌中的燃料负荷和连通性增加。这在过去的半个世纪里极大地改变了不丹东部奇松森林的火灾机制。
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Climate and humans interact to shape the fire regime of a chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) forest in eastern Bhutan
Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) forests are distributed in the dry valleys of Bhutan Himalaya. In the past, these forests have been heavily influenced by human activities such as grazing, burning, resin tapping, and collection of non-timber forest products. Bhutan’s Forest Act of 1969, which shifted forest management from local community control to centralized governmental control, greatly restricted these activities. To understand the implications of the Forest Act on the chir pine forests, we used tree-rings and fire scars to reconstruct the fire history of a chir pine forest in eastern Bhutan. This provided an opportunity to characterize the fire regime before and after the Forest Act of 1969 was implemented and assess the scale and magnitude of changes that have occurred. We developed a 120-year chir pine fire chronology from nine sites within a single forested landscape. Between 1900 and ~ 1970, fires were small and patchy. When fires occurred, they were limited to one to two sites within the larger study area. After 1970, there was a distinct shift in fire activity, with fires in 1985, 1989, 1996, 2000, and 2013 burning > 90% of sample plots. Fire activity was positively associated with La Niña conditions (wetter, cooler) in the preceding year. This is likely the result of increased accumulation and connectivity of fuels on the forest floor in wetter years. Prior to 1970, the fire regime in the studied chir pine landscape in eastern Bhutan was dominated by patchy, low-intensity fires indicating that the fire regime was fuel limited. After 1970, fires became larger and more frequent. This shift was associated with the enactment of the Bhutan Forest Act in 1969, which regulated grazing and implemented a policy of strict fire exclusion in government-reserved forests. This likely led to a large buildup of fuels, particularly after La Niña years. Historical patterns of grazing and low-intensity fires prior to the Forest Act kept fuel loads low and disconnected. The cessation of most human activities in these forests after 1969 resulted in an increase in fuel loads and connectivity within the landscape. This has greatly reshaped fire regimes in the chir pine forests of eastern Bhutan over the past half century.
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来源期刊
Fire Ecology
Fire Ecology ECOLOGY-FORESTRY
CiteScore
6.20
自引率
7.80%
发文量
24
审稿时长
20 weeks
期刊介绍: Fire Ecology is the international scientific journal supported by the Association for Fire Ecology. Fire Ecology publishes peer-reviewed articles on all ecological and management aspects relating to wildland fire. We welcome submissions on topics that include a broad range of research on the ecological relationships of fire to its environment, including, but not limited to: Ecology (physical and biological fire effects, fire regimes, etc.) Social science (geography, sociology, anthropology, etc.) Fuel Fire science and modeling Planning and risk management Law and policy Fire management Inter- or cross-disciplinary fire-related topics Technology transfer products.
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