What Every Clinician Should Know About Inflammation in COPD

Inflammation drives chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis and exacerbations. Although the conceptual framework and major players in the inflammatory milieu of COPD have been long established, the nuances of cellular interactions and the etiologic differences that create heterogeneity in inflammatory profiles and treatment response continue to be revealed. This wealth of data and understanding is not only a boon to the researcher but also provides guidance to the clinician, moving the field closer to precision medicine. It is through this lens that this review seeks to describe the inflammatory processes at play in COPD, relating inflammation to pathologic and functional changes, identifying patient-specific and disease-related factors that may influence clinical observations, and providing current insights on existing and emerging anti-inflammatory treatments and treatment targets, including biologic therapies and phosphodiesterase inhibitors.