Comprehensive analysis of trends, distribution, and odds of wrong-way driving fatal crashes on divided highways in the United States (2004–2020)

Introduction: This study presents a comprehensive analysis of wrong-way driving (WWD) fatal crashes on divided highways in the United States over a 17-year period, from 2004 to 2020. The study aims to uncover trends, distribution patterns, and factors contributing to these fatal crashes. Data were extracted from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) database. Methods: Descriptive statistical analysis was used to reveal general crash characteristics, while trends were updated through an examination of the annual occurrence of WWD fatal crashes. The study further employed binomial logistic regression to compute odds ratios, identifying significant contributing factors. These factors encompassed temporal variables, crash characteristics, and driver characteristics. The odds ratios shed light on the relationship between WWD fatal crashes and other fatal crashes, allowing for the identification of key elements that drive WWD incidents. Results: On average, 302 WWD fatal crashes occurred annually, resulting in 6,953 fatalities during the study period. The frequency of WWD fatal crashes remained relatively stable, with a slight increase over time. According to the model, variables include day of week, time of day, month, lighting conditions, weather conditions, roadway profile, collision type, passenger presence, driver age, gender, license status, and driver injury severity were found to significantly impact the occurrence of WWD fatal crashes. One significant finding is that road profiles like sag curves or hillcrests can increase the likelihood of WWD fatal crashes. Practical Application: The findings of this study contribute to an improved understanding of WWD fatal crashes on divided highways, thereby aiding in the development of strategies for prevention and mitigation.