Hydrogels for next generation neural interfaces

Overcoming the mechanical disparities between implantable neural electrodes and biological tissue is crucial in mitigating immune responses, reducing shear motion, and ensuring durable functionality. Emerging hydrogel-based neural interfaces, with their volumetric capacitance, customizable conductivity, and tissue-mimicking mechanical properties, offer a more efficient, less detrimental, and chronically stable alternative to their rigid counterparts. Here, we provide an overview of the exceptional advantages of hydrogels for the development of next-generation neural interfaces and highlight recent advancements that are transforming the field. Materials are needed that can form stable interfaces with neurons, and soft materials are the most promising for this. Here, the advantages and challenges associated with neural interfaces using hydrogels, particularly conductive hydrogels, are discussed.