Unraveling the genetic basis of dental diseases: A comprehensive review

Dental diseases, encompassing conditions such as dental caries and periodontal diseases, are among the most prevalent chronic diseases globally, posing significant public health challenges. While environmental factors play crucial roles in disease development, there is increasing recognition of the contribution of genetic factors to individual susceptibility to dental diseases. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence on the genetic basis of dental diseases, exploring key genetic determinants, molecular pathways, gene-environment interactions, and implications for personalized dental care. We discuss findings from candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and emerging genomic approaches, shedding light on the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and oral health outcomes. Additionally, we highlight challenges, future directions, and opportunities for translating genetic research into clinical practice to advance precision dentistry and improve oral health outcomes.