Intervening Effect of Polysaccharides on Structured Soy-Based Meat Analogs by High-Moisture Extrusion

This study investigates the impact of four polysaccharides on enzyme-modified soybean protein concentrate (ESPC) within a high-water extrusion environment. Optimal texture and fibrous structure were achieved with 1% konjac glucomannan (KGM), 2% carrageenan (CA), 3% sodium alginate (SA), and 6% wheat starch (WS), respectively. These findings align with both macroscopic and microscopic observations. Structural analyses revealed that the presence of polysaccharides facilitated the formation of β-sheet structures, increased S–S bond content, and enhanced the ordered structure of ESPC. Water distribution and thermal property tests indicated that these polysaccharides improved water-holding capacity and mitigated the degradation rate of ESPC. In vitro digestion experiments demonstrated a 9.3% decrease in the digestibility of ESPC-CA compared to ESPC. This reduction could be attributed to electrostatic attraction between the protein and polysaccharide, creating a physical barrier that hindered the digestive process. This study provides insights into the influence of four polysaccharides on ESPC within a high-moisture extrusion environment. The information derived from this research holds potential significance for the development of high-quality plant-based meat analogs.