Economic growth and the foreign sector: Peru 1821–2020

Thirlwall Model shows evidence in Latin American countries, as well as for the Peruvian economy, with an economic growth rate of balance of payments equilibrium, which is explained by causal variables that present a long-term cointegration relationship. These variables are exports with little added value, imports that reinforce technological dependence, external income, relative prices or the real exchange rate, the institutions, and the volatility of exports. Investment policies are prescribed in innovative, physical, financial, natural, and social human capital that tend to reduce the restriction of foreign exchange, technological dependence and the international market. Therefore, endogenous, dynamic, sustained, inclusive economic growth is generated, low in carbon as a means for sustainable human development, within the framework of a new growth and development strategy that involves balancing the participation of the market, state and civil society.