A review of the mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia: Biodiversity, conservation, and challenges in sustainable management

Mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia, representing almost 1/5 of the world's mangroves, plays a pivotal role in biodiversity conservation, coastal protection, and the provision of ecosystem services. The diverse geographic landscapes of the country contribute to one of the largest mangrove forests in the world. However, the mangrove ecosystem in the country was damaged and reduced greatly in the past decades due to anthropogenic activities. To take a further step in the conservation of the ecosystem, it is important to understand the current status of the population distribution, species diversity, and conservation strategies. This article presents a comprehensive assessment of the status of Indonesia's mangrove ecosystems with a specific focus on biodiversity, ongoing conservation endeavors, and prevailing management practices. The principal objective of this review is to gain an in-depth understanding of the significance of these unique ecosystems and the challenges associated with sustaining their health.