Deuterostome Ancestors and Chordate Origins.

The Deuterostomia are a monophyletic group, consisting of the Ambulacraria, with two phyla, Hemichordata and Echinodermata, and the phylum Chordata, containing the subphyla Cephalochordata (lancelets or Amphioxus), Tunicata (Urochordata) and Vertebrata. Hemichordates and echinoderms are sister groups and are critical for understanding the deuterostome ancestor and the origin and evolution of the chordates within the deuterostomes. Enteropneusta, worm-like hemichordates, share many chordate features as adults, including a post-anal tail, gill slits, and a Central Nervous System (CNS) that deploy similar developmental Genetic Regulatory Networks (GRNs). Genomic comparisons show that cephalochordates share synteny and a vermiform body plan similar to vertebrates, but phylogenomic analyses place tunicates as the sister group of vertebrates. Tunicates have a U-shaped gut and a very different adult body plan than the rest of the chordates, and all tunicates have small genomes and many gene losses, although the GRNs underlying specific tissues, such as notochord and muscle, are conserved. Echinoderms and vertebrates have extensive fossil records, with fewer specimens found for tunicates and enteropneusts, or worm-like hemichordates. The data is mounting that the deuterostome ancestor was a complex benthic worm, with gill slits, a cartilaginous skeleton, and a CNS. Two extant groups, echinoderms and tunicates, have evolved highly derived body plans, remarkably different than the deuterostome ancestor. We review the current genomic and GRN data on the different groups of deuterostomes' characters to re-evaluate different hypotheses of chordate origins. Notochord loss in echinoderms and hemichordates is as parsimonious as notochord gain in the chordates but has implications for the deuterostome ancestor. The chordate ancestor lost an ancestral nerve net, retained the central nervous system, and evolved neural crest cells.