Contribution of memory T cells to the generation of long-lasting immunity against COVID-19.

Humans are exposed every day to innumerable external stimuli, both environmental and microbial. Immunological memory recalls each specific stimulus and mounts a secondary response that is faster and of a larger magnitude than the primary response; this process constitutes the basis for vaccine development. The COVID-19 pandemic offers a unique opportunity to study the development of immune memory against an emergent microorganism. Memory T cells have an important role in the resolution of COVID-19, and they are key pillars of immunological memory. In this review, we summarize the main findings regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 memory T cells after infection, after vaccination, and after the combination of these two events ("hybrid immunity"), and analyze how these cells can contribute to long-term protection against the infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants.