Transcriptomic changes reveal hypoxic stress response in submerged seeds of maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize is highly sensitive to waterlogging stress, and seeds fail to germinate under hypoxic conditions induced by submergence, leading to severe yield losses. We conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis during the initial stages of seed germination, exploring aerobic and hypoxic conditions in two inbred lines, B73 and Okcheon Chal-1. Notably, significant differences emerged between aerobic and hypoxic conditions on the first day of germination, particularly in genes associated with fermentation and phytohormone regulation. However, consistent transcriptomic changes were observed in primary metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. These differences strongly correlate with each other, illustrating the efficacy of the hypoxic response for survival in water. Furthermore, this suggests that germinating seeds serve as a promising model for studying plant hypoxia responses with controlled environmental conditions. Insights from this study contribute to understanding the fundamental mechanisms of hypoxia response and hold promise for developing strategies to cultivate waterlogging-tolerant maize cultivars.