Refold structures of the Archaean Nyanzaga gold Project, Sukumaland Greenstone Belt, Tanzania: Precursors to the gold-bearing fault system

This study presents a complete investigation into the structural-hydrothermal evolution of the Nyanzaga and Kilimani gold deposits within the Neoarchean Sukumaland Greenstone Belt, Tanzania Craton. The first compressional stage, D_1a, creates upright E-W folds in response to N-S-oriented shortening. The second stage, D_1b, refolds the previously formed structures during ongoing compression/transpression under N-S-oriented shortening. Due to the brittle nature of late deformation, during D_1c, a set of faults emerges, with the NW-SE ones exhibit dextral shearing and control the formation of normal N-S vertical faults.

A protracted hydrothermal history is recorded, beginning with a disseminated silicate minerals- and pyrite-rich, gold-barren stage associated with the D_1a and D_1b deformations, followed by the development of a gold-endowed vein system during progressive D_1b and D_1c stages. Gold was mainly concentrated within vertical NW-SE (Kilimani) and N-S (Nyanzaga) faults. Our findings challenge traditional polyphase deformation models presented in the other gold deposits of the area, by proposing a progressive and continuous deformation-hydrothermal history. In addition, we highlight the influence of refold structures on fault geometry, which is crucial in concentrating gold mineralization under continuous N-S compression and transpression.