Prevention of foot ulcers recurrence in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials for the development of the italian guidelines for the treatment of diabetic foot syndrome

Aim

To compare the effectiveness of preventive interventions in reducing reccurrent diabetic foot ulcers. Meta-analysis (MA) was conducted to address clinical questions on this topic of the Italian guidelines on diabetic foot.

Methods

This MA includes randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of various preventive interventions, namely: treatment of pre-ulcerative foot lesions, structured educational programs, psychological interventions and the use of therapeutic footwear to relieve plantar pressure in people with diabetes mellitus and a history of previous ulcers.

Results

A total of 731 studies were identified and 14 were considered eligible for the analysis. We found that treatments of pre-ulcerative foot lesions did not provide any statistically significant effects (MH-OR: 0.84 [0.31, 2.33], p = 0.74, I² = 38%). Conversely, structured educational programs were associated with a trend toward reduction of ulcer recurrence risk (MH-OR: 0.13 [0.01, 1.64], p = 0.10, I² = 88%). No randomized controlled studies assessing the efficacy of psychological interventions have been retrieved. The use of therapeutic footwears can effectively reduce the risk of reulceration in diabetic patients with an history of previous DFU, in particular prefabricated rigid-soled therapeutic footwears showed a significant reduction of the risk of ulcer recurrence in comparison with semirigid soles (MH-OR: 0.17 [0.05, 0.57], p = 0.004).

Conclusions

The study provides low-certainty evidence that, among preventive strategies in patients with previous DFU, rigid-sole therapeutic footwear and structured education programs are capable of reducing the risk of foot re-ulceration.