Crustal structure of the Bushveld complex, South Africa from 1D shear wave velocity models: Evidence for complex-wide crustal modification

Thirty-nine 1D shear wave velocity profiles, obtained by jointly inverting receiver functions and Rayleigh wave group velocities, are used to investigate the crustal structure of the Bushveld Complex in northern South Africa. Data from teleseismic earthquakes recorded on broadband seismic stations between 1997 and 1999 and 2015–2020 were used to compute P-wave receiver functions. Rayleigh wave group velocities between 5 and 30 s period were obtained from an ambient noise tomography and combined with group velocities between 30 and 60 s period from a published continental-scale surface wave tomography model. Moho depths of 45–47.5 km are found under the center of the complex compared to 40 km thick crust, on average, surrounding the complex, indicating ∼5–7 of crustal thickening. The bottom ∼10 km or more of the lower crust across much of the Bushveld Complex has a Vs ≥ 4.0 km/s, consistent with a mafic composition, whereas in most areas around the margins of the complex the thickness of the mafic lower crust is much less than 10 km. In the upper crust higher velocity structure (Vs > 3.6 km/s) above 15 km depth underlain by lower velocity structure is seen in many locations, suggesting the presence of mafic/ultramafic layering. These results favor the continuous-sheet model for the structure of the Bushveld Complex because the ensemble of 1D models is characterized by three diagnostic features consistent with that model: (1) thicker crust under the center of the complex than away from the complex; (2) a greater thickness of high-velocity (i.e., mafic) layering in the lower crust under the complex compared to away from the complex; (3) high-velocity (i.e., mafic/ultramafic) layering in the upper crust beneath much of the complex. The lack of upper crustal mafic/ultramafic layering beneath some parts of the complex is consistent with the post-emplacement tectonic and magmatic history of the complex.