用粘土矿物和有机物指数确定正常造山古地热梯度:综述

IF 1.8 2区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Swiss Journal of Geosciences Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI:10.1186/s00015-024-00460-9
Rafael Ferreiro Mählmann, Meinert Rahn, Sébastien Potel, Lan Nguyen-Thanh, Rainer Petschick
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引用次数: 0

摘要

我们收集了来自不同造山带的大量数据集,用于校准有机质(OM)与粘土矿物(CM)指数之间的相关性,校准方法为玻璃光泽反射率(VR)与库伯勒指数(KI)法。数据的选择基于以往研究中确定的正常地热梯度(25 至 35 °C/km),例如通过成熟度建模和粘土矿物反应进度计算。在下奥斯特阿尔卑斯山脉(瑞士东部,欧洲阿尔卑斯山脉),持续 20 年的变质叠压造成了所用指数之间的 OM-CM 热平衡。通过观测到的相关性,可以确定变质因素(如压力、温度和时间)的渐变导致了正常梯度范围内梯度斜率的敏感变化。在新喀里多尼亚,也确定了相同的相关性。在 VR/KI 指数重新平衡之前,新喀里多尼亚的成岩到初变质级沉积物经历了一次高压俯冲事件。VR/KI 指数处于或接近平衡状态,而 OM 与 CM 指数之间的细微差别有助于更好地了解多相条件,尤其是压力条件。尽管它们的多相变质历史主要由持续时间大于 5 至小于 10 百万年的最后一次造山热事件所控制,但温度估计值是相同的。在东赫尔维蒂阿尔卑斯山和北石灰质阿尔卑斯山也发现了类似的相关性,但斜率略有不同。如果使用 KI 标准化和相同的数据判别,不同地区之间的比较是可能的。在阿尔卑斯山的这两个地区,短时间的复杂热历史(北石灰质阿尔卑斯山小于 5.0 百万年,而赫尔维蒂阿尔卑斯山为 10 百万年)造成了相似的 VR/KI 趋势,但回归参数较弱,表明存在不平衡。以下是中等地温(55 至 74 mWm2,平均值 = 61 mWm2)和正常温度梯度条件(25 至 35 °Ckm-1)下的相关计算结果:KI = 1.134e-0.305VR,(R2 = 0.880,n = 462),其中 VR 为 %Rmax,KI 为 Δ°2θ(仅限于 0.2 至 1.0 Δ°2θ)。随着深度(z)的增加,VR 梯度为 1.4 ± 0.2%Rmaxkm-1 ,KI 梯度为 0.09 ± 0.002 Δ°2θ km-1。这项研究表明,即使可能发生不同的加热事件,也可以通过 VR/KI 相关性来描述正常的地质热。为了检测多相或多面热历史,应使用动力学性质迥异的粘土矿物和有机物质的多个指数,例如,在 VR/KI 值相同的情况下,铁石棉含量与构造深度的强烈差异就证明了这一点。与 VR/KI 数据相比,我们特别关注的是作为 VR 替代方法的玻璃光泽(如固体沥青反射率)的相关性、锂辉石大块矿物质的持久保存以及粘土矿物和亚绿泥石岩相关键矿物的稳定性范围。到目前为止,尽管这项研究涉及阿尔卑斯山,但在其他造山环境中还没有发表过系统的锂辉石巨矿研究。
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Determination of a normal orogenic palaeo-geothermal gradient with clay mineral and organic matter indices: a review
A collection of large data sets from different orogenic belts was compiled for a correlation between organic matter (OM) versus clay mineral (CM) indices calibrated with the vitrinite reflectance, (VR) vs Kübler-Indices (KI) method. Data selection was based on a normal geothermal gradient (25 to 35 °C/km) as determined in previous studies, e.g. by maturity modelling and clay mineral reaction progress calculations. In the Lower Austroalpine (Eastern Switzerland, European Alps) a 20 myr lasting metamorphic overprint caused an OM–CM thermal equilibrium among the indices used. The observed correlation enables to determine gradual changes in metamorphic factors such as pressure, temperature and time causing sensitive shifts of the gradient slope in the range of normal gradients. For New Caledonia, an identical correlation has been determined. Prior to re-equilibration of the VR/KI indices, sediments in New Caledonia of diagenetic to incipient metamorphic grade underwent a high-pressure subduction event. VR/KI indices are in or close to equilibrium, while slight differences in OM vs CM indices allow for a better understanding of polyphase conditions, especially with respect to pressure. Temperature estimations are identical despite of their poly-phase metamorphic history, which was mainly controlled by the last orogenic thermal event lasting > 5 to < 10 myr. In the eastern Helvetic Alps and Northern Calcareous Alps similar correlations were found with slightly different slopes. Comparison between different regions is possible when using KI standardization and same data discrimination. In both parts of the Alps a complex thermal history of short durations (< 5.0 myr for the Northern Calcareous Alps to 10 myr for the Helvetic Alps) caused similar VR/KI trends, but disequilibrium is suggested by weaker regression parameters. The following correlation is calculated for a moderate geotherm (55 to 74 mWm2, mean = 61 mWm2) and normal temperature gradient conditions (25 to 35 °Ckm−1): KI = 1.134e−0.305VR, (R2 = 0.880, n = 462) with VR given as %Rmax, KI as Δ°2θ (limited to values between 0.2 to 1.0 Δ°2θ). With increasing depth (z) a VR gradient of 1.4 ± 0.2%Rmaxkm−1 is determined and a KI gradient of 0.09 ± 0.002 Δ°2θ km−1 is observed. The study illustrates that a normal geotherm can be described by VR/KI correlation, even if different heating episodes may occur. For the detection of a poly-phase or plurifacial thermal history, several indices of clay minerals and organic matter with very different kinetics should be used, as e.g. demonstrated by strong differences in smectite content at equal VR/KI values versus structural depth. A specific interest is given to the correlation of vitrinite like solid bitumen reflectance as an alternative method to VR, the persistent preservation of liptinite macerals and the stability range of clay minerals and sub-greenschist facies critical minerals compared with VR/KI data. Until now, despite the Alps in this study, systematic liptinite maceral studies have not been published in other orogenic settings.
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来源期刊
Swiss Journal of Geosciences
Swiss Journal of Geosciences 地学-地质学
CiteScore
4.50
自引率
12.90%
发文量
21
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Swiss Journal of Geosciences publishes original research and review articles, with a particular focus on the evolution of the Tethys realm and the Alpine/Himalayan orogen. By consolidating the former Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae and Swiss Bulletin of Mineralogy and Petrology, this international journal covers all disciplines of the solid Earth Sciences, including their practical applications. The journal gives preference to articles that are of wide interest to the international research community, while at the same time recognising the importance of documenting high-quality geoscientific data in a regional context, including the occasional publication of maps.
期刊最新文献
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