Extensive ablation for elderly patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: insights from the EARNEST-PVI prospective randomized trial

In patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF), extensive ablation for substrate modification, such as linear ablation or complex fractionated atrial electrogram ablation in addition to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) remains controversial. Previous studies investigating extensive ablation have demonstrated its varying efficacy, suggesting the possible heterogeneity of its efficacy. Aging is a major risk factor for AF and is associated with atrial remodeling. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of the extensive ablation strategy compared with PVI alone strategy between young and elderly patients. This study is a post-hoc analysis of the multicenter, randomized controlled, noninferiority trial investigating the efficacy and safety of PVI-only (PVI-alone arm) compared with extensive ablation (PVI-plus arm) in patients with persistent AF (EARNEST-PVI trial). We divided the overall population into 2 groups based on age and assessed treatment effects. In the young group (age <65 years, = 206), there was no significant difference in the recurrence rate between the PVI-alone group and PVI-plus group [hazard ratio (HR): 1.00, 95 % CI: 0.57–1.73, = 0.987], whereas the recurrence rate was significantly lower in the PVI-plus group compared to the PVI-alone group in the elderly group (age ≥65 years, = 291) (HR: 0.47, 95 % CI: 0.29–0.76, = 0.0021) ( for interaction = 0.0446). There were no fatal procedural complications. In patients with persistent AF, the extensive ablation strategy was more effective than the PVI-alone strategy in elderly patients, while the effectiveness of both approaches was comparable in young patients. URL: ; Unique identifier: .