Mariela Tenorio, Samantha Cruz-Ruiz, Sergio Encarnación-Guevara, Magdalena Hernández, Jose Antonio Corona-Gomez, Fania Sheccid-Santiago, Joanna Serwatowska, Sinai López-Perdomo, Cynthia D. Flores-Aguirre, Diego M. Arenas-Moreno, Robert J. Ossiboff, Fausto Méndez-de-la-Cruz, Selene L. Fernandez-Valverde, Mario Zurita, Katarzyna Oktaba, Diego Cortez
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MAYEX is an old long noncoding RNA recruited for X chromosome dosage compensation in a reptile
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential regulatory elements of sex chromosomes that act to equalize gene expression levels between males and females. XIST, RSX, and roX2 regulate X chromosomes in placental mammals, marsupials, and Drosophila, respectively. Because the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) shows complete dosage compensation of its X chromosome, we tested whether a lncRNA was involved. We found an ancient lncRNA, MAYEX, that gained male-specific expression more than 89 million years ago. MAYEX evolved a notable association with the acetylated histone 4 lysine 16 (H4K16ac) epigenetic mark and the ability to loop its locus to the totality of the X chromosome to increase expression levels. MAYEX is the first lncRNA in reptiles linked to a dosage compensation mechanism that balances the expression of sex chromosomes.
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