Mediating role of accelerated aging in the association between depression and mortality risk: findings from NHANES

Objective

To investigate the association between depression, accelerated biological aging, and mortality risk, and to assess whether accelerated aging mediates the relationship between major depression and mortality risk.

Methods

A prospective cohort of 12,761 participants aged 20 years or older from the 2005–2010 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was analyzed. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), with scores of ≥ 10 indicating major depression. Accelerated biological aging was measured using phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel). Multivariable linear regression models and subgroup analyses were used to examine the association between depression and accelerated aging, while weighted multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models and subgroup analyses assessed the impact of major depression on mortality risk. Mediation analysis was performed to assess whether PhenoAgeAccel mediated the relationship between major depression and mortality outcomes.

Results

Among the 12,761 adults, the weighted mean age was 46.6 years, with 48.8% being male, and 6.9% experiencing major depression. The results showed a positive association between major depression and PhenoAgeAccel (β: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.06–1.16). Over a median follow-up duration of 11.3 years (interquartile range: 9.9–13.1), major depression was associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.13–1.62) and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.18–2.54). However, the relationship with cancer mortality was not statistically significant after full adjustment for confounding factors. The mediation analysis further revealed that PhenoAgeAccel accounted for 10.32% and 5.12% of the associations between major depression and all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality, respectively.

Conclusion

Depression is associated with accelerated aging and contributes to increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Accelerated aging partially mediates the association between major depression and mortality risk. Our findings highlight the urgent need to incorporate mental health care into public health strategies to delay population aging and reduce mortality risk.