Diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy: A threat to both limb and life.

Diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy (DCN), first described in 1936, occurs in less than 1% of diabetic patients, but in those diabetic subjects with distal symmetrical polyneuropathy, the overall incidence increases to 30% and the risk is even greater in those with type 1 diabetes. Factors that precipitate DCN are trauma, ischaemia due to arterio-venous shunting, increased osteoclastic activity and inflammation. DCN usually presents with a painless swollen foot and/or ankle which is 'hot to the touch'. These clinical findings are soon followed by characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities and later X-ray changes. The joints that are most typically involved in chronological order are the tarsometatarsals followed by the naviculocuniform, sub-tarsal, talonavicular and metatarsal and tarsophalangeal. The cornerstone of therapy is prolonged (3-12 months) offloading with immobilization. Bisphosphonates may possibly accelerate recovery, whereas other unproven possible therapies include rhPTH, 1-34, calcitonin and methylprednisolone, which are not only ineffective but in some cases may also prolong the time to healing. Denosumab is potentially an efficacious, if unproven, therapy to accelerate healing. The risk of amputation is high and increases in the presence of a foot ulcer. DCN is associated with manifestations of autonomic neuropathy, including cardiac denervation, so that the risks of a cardiac event and heart failure are increased with DCN. Mortality is also increased with DCN, especially in the presence of a foot ulcer. To avoid the recurrence of DCN and especially to lower the risk of the recurrence of a foot ulcer recurrence reconstructive, surgery may be needed.