Performance prediction and optimisation of even-lighting agrivoltaic systems with semi-transparent PV module in the tropical region

Agrivoltaic systems with conventional PV panels may cause a shading effect to the plants, particularly in the tropical region where the sun position around noon is always near the zenith. Agrivoltaic systems that can ensure sufficient and even lighting, such as the semi-transparent PV (STPV) module, are thus promising. However, simulation and optimisation studies in application of such system in the tropics are still rarely found in literature. This study therefore aims to predict and optimise the annual performance of an agrivoltaic system with STPV module, for the case of a tropical location. Modelling and simulation were conducted in Rhinoceros, considering various module heights, tilt angles, and orientations, to predict the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). To determine the optimum PV module configuration, weighting factors were given to the annual average illuminance, uniformity, illuminance reduction due to shading, and energy yield. Monte Carlo simulation was run by assigning random numbers to each weighting factor. The design configuration that occurs optimum the most often was deemed the global optimum solution. Experiments were also carried out with bok choy (Brassica rapa) plants to observe the impact on the plant growth. Based on simulation, the optimum performance is achieved by the STPV module at 3 m high, 20° tilt angle, facing north. Based on experiments, the plant growths under the STPV and under no PV modules are not significantly different. Overall, this study provides a foundation for large-scale application and optimisation of agrivoltaic systems with STPV configuration.