Recent advances in metal-loaded MOFs photocatalysts: From single atom, cluster to nanoparticle

Photocatalysis is widely regarded as a highly promising sustainable technique for addressing the challenges posed by environmental pollution and energy provision. In recent years, metal-loaded MOFs has become a rising star within the domain of photocatalysis due to its high specific surface area and porosity, adjustable structure, diverse and abundant catalytic components, which has exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and exhibit great potential in a range of disciplines. In this paper, the principles for evaluating the photocatalytic performance of MOFs-based materials were firstly introduced, and some typical examples were also listed accordingly. Along with this, particular emphasis is paid to the main factors affecting the photocatalytic performance of metal-loaded MOFs. Then the synthesis and design strategies of MOFs loaded metal entities of varying sizes (single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles), and their applications in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, hydrogen production, photooxidation and photocatalytic hydrogenation were summarized and discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges faced in this kind of MOFs-based composites were analyzed from different perspectives. This report is expected to help researchers design and develop high-performance MOFs-based photocatalytic materials.