The potential of Deposit Refund Systems in closing the plastic beverage bottle loop: A review

This critical review assesses the implementation and impact of Deposit Return Schemes (DRSs), also referred to as ‘Deposit Refund Systems’ and ‘Deposit Return Systems’ in international contexts, focusing on plastic beverage bottles. The review explores the multi-dimensional challenges that shape effective DRS implementation. A total of 143 peer-reviewed articles and grey literature studies were analysed based on DRS definitions, scope, year of implementation, materials involved, and impacts across multiple dimensions (technical, social, economic, regulatory, and environmental). Emphasising Europe, the study outlines the multi-dimensional challenges and opportunities associated with DRSs. Key findings highlight the critical importance of balancing redemption locations, deposit values, and public awareness, as reflected in varying return rates in different countries. While industry stakeholders advocate for standardising DRS models to maximise economic and technical value in the plastic bottle value chain, significant European-wide and regional-specific challenges such as harmonizing legal requirements, potential trade-offs, and addressing environmental and transportation costs, persist. This underscores the ongoing need for evaluation and refinement of DRS implementation strategies within evolving waste management practices. As the first of its kind, this study underscores the necessity for future research to inform the sustainability assessment of DRS, policy development, and efforts to promote social accountability.