A holistic perspective of the comorbidities in childhood obesity

Childhood obesity is associated with comorbidities that affect almost all body systems, including, among others, the endocrine, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems, as well as medical and surgical procedures that may be required due to different clinical situations. The objective of this article is to describe the classic and emerging comorbidities associated with obesity and the complications of procedures that involve invasive manoeuvres. Although some of the problems associated with obesity during childhood are widely known, such as musculoskeletal and cutaneous disorders or apnoea–hypopnoea syndrome, others, such as changes in kidney function, non-alcoholic fatty liver and cardiometabolic risk, have received less attention due to their insidious development, as they may not manifest until adulthood. In contrast, there is another group of comorbidities that may have a greater impact due to their frequency and consequences, which are psychosocial problems. Finally, in the context of invasive medico-surgical interventions, obesity can complicate airway management. The recognition of these pathologies in association with childhood obesity is of vital importance not only in childhood but also due to their ramifications in adulthood.