Experimental analysis and optimization of kenaf fiber-lateritic bricks using glass powder as partial cement replacement

The rising global cost of housing demands innovative solutions to improve construction materials and reduce expenses, making affordable housing more attainable. This study investigates the synergistic benefits of eco-friendly additives—kenaf fiber and glass powder—in masonry applications aimed at affordable housing solutions. The aim is to identify the effect of different kenaf fiber and glass powder proportions on lateritic brick. Kenaf fiber was incorporated into a cement-lateritic clay mix at varying percentages (0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 %, and 2.0 %), while glass powder replaced cement at levels of 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %. The reference mix was prepared as 20 % cement, 20 % sand, and 60 % laterite clay while the water/cement ratio was maintained at 0.4. Results indicate that kenaf fiber and glass powder significantly improve compressive, flexural, and splitting strengths compared to the reference mix. However, kenaf fiber exhibits a reduction in ultrasonic velocity. The dosage of kenaf fiber and glass powder profoundly influences the hybrid material properties. The study has revealed that 4 % of glass powder and 1 % of kenaf fiber highly improved the compressive strength, flexural strength and ultrasonic velocity of the mixes. On the other hand, 4 % of glass powder and 1.5 % of kenaf fiber highly improved the splitting strength of the material. These results were supported by a predictive model validated against experimental data. Optimization reveals an optimum mix with 20.44 % cement replacement (comprising 15.91 % cement, 4.08 % glass powder, and 1.19 % kenaf fiber), 20 % sand and 58.80 % clay, offering balanced performance for masonry bricks in affordable mass housing construction.