Adaptive Clustering and Trust Aware Routing (ACTAR) for Wireless Sensor Networks in IoT Environments

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a revolutionary technology, connecting a vast number of people to the internet through various devices such as smartphones, laptops, sensors, and more. An essential component of IoT, the wireless sensor network (WSN), enables automation in processes like sensing, node monitoring, and data transmission. However, the full potential of IoT is hindered by cyber threats and unreliable communication. Although several security algorithms exist, they are not suitable for energy-constrained sensor nodes. To address this issue, this paper proposes an energy-efficient security mechanism called adaptive clustering and trust aware routing (ACTAR) for IoT-WSNs. ACTAR operates in three phases: adaptive and hybrid clustering (AHC), multiobjective function-based cluster head selection (MOCH), and trust aware routing (TAR). First, AHC utilizes a nonuniform clustering mechanism to categorize the network into nearby and distant clusters. Next, the selection of cluster heads is based on four metrics: coverage, communication cost, residual energy, and node proximity. Finally, TAR calculates the trust degree of sensor nodes by evaluating their direct and indirect behavior in terms of communication interactions and energy consumption. The node with the highest trust degree is selected as the next-hop forwarding node, followed by the route with the highest trust degree. Extensive simulations of ACTAR demonstrate its performance in terms of malicious detection rate, false-positive rate, residual energy, and packet delivery ratio. Comparative analysis shows that ACTAR outperforms existing methods, proving its superiority.