Long-term epidemiological trends in (primary) pediatric central nervous system tumors: a 25-year cohort analysis in Western Mexico.

Background: Central nervous system tumors (CNSTs) represent a significant oncological challenge in pediatric populations, particularly in developing regions where access to diagnostic and therapeutic resources is limited.

Methods: This research investigates the epidemiology, histological classifications, and survival outcomes of CNST in a cohort of pediatric patients aged 0 to 19 years within a 25-year retrospective study at the Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Mexico, from 1999 to 2024.

Results: Data was analyzed from 273 patients who met inclusion criteria, revealing a higher incidence in males (51.6%) with a mean age at diagnosis of 8.2 years. Histological analysis revealed gliomas as the most common type (52.7%), followed by embryonal tumors (28.6%). High-grade tumors (WHO grade 4) comprised 49.8% of cases, demonstrating significantly poorer survival outcomes (median overall survival of 13.5 months) compared to lower-grade tumors (up to 57 months). The predominance of tumors in the supratentorial region and the notable differences in survival outcomes by tumor type underscore the varied impact of geographical and socioeconomic factors on pediatric oncology in Mexico.

Conclusion: This study highlights the critical need for improved healthcare infrastructure and early diagnosis initiatives, as well as the importance of targeted research to address disparities in treatment and outcomes for pediatric CNST in this region.