Economic Operation Strategy for Fast Charging Station Assisted by HESS Consisting of Retired Batteries Considering Concurrent Decommissioning

The wide adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) leads to the need for fast charging stations (FCSs) with battery energy storage systems (BESSs) due to charging anxieties and various charging behaviors and results in numerous retired batteries (RBs), necessitating the recycling solutions. To address these issues simultaneously, this study proposes an economic operation strategy for FCSs assisted by the RB-based hybrid energy storage system (HESS). In the proposed strategy, the FCS economic operational model is established, where a rolling mixed-integer linear programming (RMILP) mechanism is adopted considering uncertain charging behaviors, and the fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm is adopted to cluster RBs to form the RB-based HESS. Moreover, a concurrent decommissioning (CD) method is introduced for the RB-based HESS lifespan extension and cost reduction, with the assistance of a state-of-health (SOH)-based droop control for power allocation optimization among RBs. Finally, various simulation and experimental studies have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed economic operation strategy. The results demonstrate that FCSs with the RB-based HESSs achieve 67.32% annual net revenue (ANR) superiority over FCSs without BESSs and 12.69% ANR increment over those with BESSs. Moreover, the lifespan of the RB-based HESS can be extended by 11.23% with the CD method.