Designing a ubiquitous learning environment to enhance pre-service Chinese language teachers’ critical writing skills: A developmental research approach

Developing critical writing skills is challenging in Chinese language education for Thai students. This study designed and evaluated a ubiquitous learning environment to enhance these skills through developmental research with 60 undergraduate students. Results showed significant improvement in the experimental group's critical writing skills (pre-test M = 72.5 to post-test M = 88.7) compared to the control group (M = 73.2 to M = 79.5, p < 0.001, d = 1.28). Expert evaluation (n = 15) confirmed the environment's effectiveness (M = 4.7/5.0), and students reported high satisfaction (M = 4.5/5.0). The findings demonstrate the potential of ubiquitous learning for developing critical writing skills.