Paradigm shifts: theories, models, and tools.

There are many theories and connected tools that have proven to be particularly effective in influencing paradigm shifts. This article has introduced some of each. References listed are useful sources for detailed information. What seems to be clear is that managers should be explicit about the way they characterize their organization. This influences how one measures organizational effectiveness and the selection and application of theories and tools for creating change. The attempt of this article has been to introduce this as a conceptual framework and point to some practical applications in changing organizational thinking.