Which patients with hepatitis C virus should be treated?

Since the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference in 1997, our understanding of the natural history of hepatitis C (HCV) infection and our ability to treat patients has improved. Thus, a large number of clinical studies, confounding terminology, and a growing dilemma in targeting particular populations for treatment who have HCV infection, will continue to be at the forefront of clinical research and treatment. In this report, we examine which HCV-infected populations of patients should be treated. Beginning with treatment guidelines from the NIH Consensus Conference, and a brief overview of the terminology used in the HCV literature, we subsequently review data regarding treatment outcomes based on HCV viral load, genotype, and various epidemiological factors. Similarly, more challenging treatment strategies are discussed for patients with HCV infection, including those with ongoing psychiatric disorders, patients who are coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus and HCV, and those patients with normal serum transaminases. Finally, a review and guidelines about other HCV treatment dilemmas, including patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis, patients who have undergone renal transplantation, and treatment of patients acutely exposed to HCV are also addressed.