Robot-assisted urologic procedures.

Surgical robotics, the result of the combined efforts of engineers, computer scientists, entrepreneurs, and surgeons, has enabled the surgeon to execute precise technical maneuvers while seated at a remote console. The capability to perform sophisticated surgical operations by means of a robot is today's reality. The combination of laparoscopy and robotics has the potential to enhance operative performance and the outcomes of laparoscopy, and expand the clinical application of laparoscopy while reducing patient morbidity. In this article, we review initial pioneering and laboratory research, early clinical investigations, and current clinical applications of robotics in urologic surgery.