Pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder.

Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) is a common and typically long-standing medical condition, characterized by an excessive fear of being observed or evaluated negatively in social or performance situations. Efficacious interventions in acute treatment include cognitive behavioural therapy and a range of medications including many antidepressants, some benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants, and the antipsychotic olanzapine. Most studies report no significant differences in overall efficacy or tolerability between active compounds. Responders to previous acute treatment benefit from continuing active medication for 6 months. Evidence of a dose-response relationship with antidepressant drugs is inconsistent, though only higher doses of pregabalin are efficacious. Switching between treatments with proven efficacy may be helpful. Augmentation of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with buspirone or clonazepam can be beneficial. It is unlikely that combining pharmacotherapy with psychotherapy results in greater overall efficacy compared to either treatment given alone. Proof-of-concept and other preliminary studies suggest the efficacy of psychotherapy can be enhanced through prior administration of D-cycloserine, cannabidiol, or oxytocin.