从时钟到计算机:以机器为基础的现代科学史“大图景”。

IF 1 2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Isis Pub Date : 2016-12-01 DOI:10.1086/689764
Frans van Lunteren
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引用次数: 4

摘要

在过去的几十年里,有几次呼吁建立科学史的“大图景”。人们普遍需要对现代科学的兴起作一个简明的概述,并有一个清晰的结构,以便大致划分各个时期。本文提出了这样一个既基本又全面的方案。它着重于四种机器,它们可以被看作是在连续的时间里在科学和社会之间起着中介作用:时钟、天平、蒸汽机和计算机。经过一个漫长的发展阶段,这些机器在西方社会的社会和经济上都发挥了非常明显的作用。此外,每一台机器都被用作了解无机和有机自然的强大资源。更具体地说,它们的隐喻使用有助于解释和完善一些关键概念,这些概念将在这种理解中发挥重要作用。在每一种情况下,关键概念在某种程度上都被认为代表了现实的最终组成部分。最后,每一台机器都将以一种精致的形式进入科学研究,从而加强这些机器与自然之间的联系。
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Clocks to Computers: A Machine-Based “Big Picture” of the History of Modern Science.

Over the last few decades there have been several calls for a “big picture” of the history of science. There is a general need for a concise overview of the rise of modern science, with a clear structure allowing for a rough division into periods. This essay proposes such a scheme, one that is both elementary and comprehensive. It focuses on four machines, which can be seen to have mediated between science and society during successive periods of time: the clock, the balance, the steam engine, and the computer. Following an extended developmental phase, each of these machines came to play a highly visible role in Western societies, both socially and economically. Each of these machines, moreover, was used as a powerful resource for the understanding of both inorganic and organic nature. More specifically, their metaphorical use helped to construe and refine some key concepts that would play a prominent role in such understanding. In each case the key concept would at some point be considered to represent the ultimate building block of reality. Finally, in a refined form, each of these machines would eventually make its entry in scientific research, thereby strengthening the ties between these machines and nature.

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来源期刊
Isis
Isis 管理科学-科学史与科学哲学
CiteScore
1.00
自引率
16.70%
发文量
150
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Since its inception in 1912, Isis has featured scholarly articles, research notes, and commentary on the history of science, medicine, and technology and their cultural influences. Review essays and book reviews on new contributions to the discipline are also included. An official publication of the History of Science Society, Isis is the oldest English-language journal in the field. The Press, along with the journal’s editorial office in Starkville, MS, would like to acknowledge the following supporters: Mississippi State University, its College of Arts and Sciences and History Department, and the Consortium for the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine.
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