Toxocara spp. in dogs and cats in Canada.

Toxocara spp. (T. canis and T. cati) are the dominant ascarids of domestic dogs and cats, respectively, in populated regions of southern Canada, where they pose animal and public health concerns. A review of the published literature indicated that prevalence of both parasites is declining in more recent studies (post 2000), likely due to changes in animal husbandry as well as use of anthelmintics. Geographically, prevalence was higher in the east (Atlantic), and in more southerly locations, possibly due to more favourable climate conditions for egg survival and development. At northern latitudes and in wild felids and canids in general, the non-zoonotic ascarid Toxascaris leonina appears to outcompete Toxocara spp.; however, T. leonina is rare in domestic cats in Canada. Prevalence of Toxocara spp. was higher in cats than dogs, shelter/rural/remote/feral/stray vs owned animals, and young vs adult animals, as has been observed in many other studies and regions of the world. While the regional prevalences in this review should be interpreted carefully in light of variation in diagnostic methods and study populations, they generally follow the same trends observed in a recent national study of shelter animals. This review is a timely summary of the state of the published knowledge on prevalence of Toxocara spp. in Canada, and highlights knowledge gaps to be addressed, including the northern distributional limits of these species in Canada, the potential for transmission to and from wildlife hosts, and the public health significance of the parasite in the mainstream Canadian population.