Updating an empirical investigating risk perceptions associated with national ID cards in the wake of the global Covid-19 pandemic.

National ID cards have been debated for some time, especially with the recent Covid-19 global pandemic and increases in technological capabilities, coupled with the need for higher national security. This paper is an empirical extension of Smith's work but in light of the current economic and political turmoil. These differences were inspected from a gender perspective, but the distrust was generally universal. As the beneficial reasons why National ID cards should be implemented (e.g., enhanced security, convenience, and enhancing CRM concepts), still many professionals exhibit numerous fears and are concerned with the risks involved.