Urban Thirst and Rural Water: The Saga of the Southern Nevada Groundwater Development Project

In 1989, the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) launched the Southern Nevada Groundwater Development Project—a bold plan to construct a series of deep wells in east-central Nevada to pump groundwater and send it to the Las Vegas region through 300 miles of pipeline. Before starting work on the project, SNWA conducted an environmental impact study and secured water rights in the valleys. Applications for additional new water rights were filed with Nevada State Engineer on the basis of uncaptured evapotranspiration. The SNWA spent decades and millions of dollars studying the hydrogeology of the region and developing computer models to demonstrate that the project would not have an unduly negative impact on the ecology or water users in the region. The project was opposed by environmental groups, native American tribes, and existing water rights holders. One of the protestants was the Cleveland Ranch in Spring Valley. Using the SNWA's own groundwater model, the ranch argued that the project would result in substantial harm to the ranch's water rights which included springs, wells, and a stream, and that the project would result in perpetual groundwater mining, which is forbidden by Nevada state policy. The Nevada State Engineer approved the project, but the decision was eventually reversed by Seventh District Court, which sided with the ranch and ruled that the project would never be sustainable and is therefore not compatible with Nevada policy. The project was formally abandoned in 2020.